Vincent Blok. Associate Professor in Philosophy and Ethics of Business and Innovation, Management Studies Group & Philosophy Group, Wageningen University. Taoism (/ ˈ t aʊ ɪ z ə m /, also US: / ˈ d aʊ ɪ z əm /), also known as Daoism, is a religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes.

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Main article: is traditionally regarded as the founder of religious Taoism and is closely associated in this context with 'original' or 'primordial' Taoism. Whether he actually existed is disputed; however, the work attributed to him – the Tao Te Ching – is dated to the late 4th century BCE. Taoism draws its cosmological foundations from the (in the form of its main elements – and the ), which developed during the (4th to 3rd centuries BC). Robinet identifies four components in the emergence of Taoism: • Philosophical Taoism, i.e. The and • techniques for achieving ecstasy • practices for achieving longevity or immortality • exorcism. Some elements of Taoism may be traced to folk religions in China that later coalesced into a Taoist tradition.

In particular, many Taoist practices drew from the Warring-States-era phenomena of the (connected to the ) and the fangshi (which probably derived from the 'archivist-soothsayers of antiquity, one of whom supposedly was Laozi himself'), even though later Taoists insisted that this was not the case. Both terms were used to designate individuals dedicated to '. magic, medicine, divination. Methods of longevity and to ecstatic wanderings' as well as exorcism; in the case of the wu, 'shamans' or 'sorcerers' is often used as a translation. The fangshi were philosophically close to the School of Naturalists, and relied much on astrological and calendrical speculations in their divinatory activities. The first organized form of Taoism, the (Celestial Masters') school (later known as school), developed from the movement at the end of the 2nd century CE; the latter had been founded by, who claimed that Laozi appeared to him in the year 142.

The Tianshi school was officially recognized by ruler in 215, legitimizing Cao Cao's rise to power in return. Laozi received imperial recognition as a divinity in the mid-2nd century BCE.

Visual Studio 2008 Software Free Download For Windows 7 32 Bit. Taoism, in form of the, gained official status in China again during the (618–907), whose emperors claimed Laozi as their relative. The Shangqing movement, however, had developed much earlier, in the 4th century, on the basis of a series of revelations by gods and spirits to a certain Yang Xi in the years between 364 and 370.

Between 397 and 402, compiled a series of scriptures which later served as the foundation of the, which unfolded its greatest influence during the (960–1279). Several Song emperors, most notably, were active in promoting Taoism, collecting Taoist texts and publishing editions of the Daozang. In the 12th century, the was founded in.

It flourished during the 13th and 14th century and during the became the largest and most important Taoist school in Northern China. The school's most revered master,, met with in 1222 and was successful in influencing the Khan towards exerting more restraint during his brutal conquests. Rivkin And Ryan Literary Theory An Anthology Pdf To Jpg. By the Khan's decree, the school also was exempt from taxation.

Aspects of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism were consciously synthesized in the school, which eventually became Imperial for state bureaucratic purposes under the (1368–1644). The (1644–1912), however, much favored Confucian classics over Taoist works. During the 18th century, the imperial library was constituted, but excluded virtually all Taoist books. Realbasic Serial Communication Monitor.

By the beginning of the 20th century, Taoism had fallen much from favor (for example, only one complete copy of the still remained, at the in Beijing). Today, Taoism is one of five religions recognized by the People's Republic of China.

The government regulates its activities through the. Taoism is freely practiced in, where it claims millions of adherents. Doctrines Ethics. Further information:,, and Taoist cosmology; relativity, evolution and 'extremes meet' are main characters. It shares similar views with the (Yinyang) which was headed by (305 – 240 BCE). The school's tenets harmonized the concepts of the (Five Phases) and. In this spirit, the universe is seen as being in a constant process of re-creating itself, as everything that exists is a mere aspect of, which, 'condensed, becomes life; diluted, it is indefinite potential'.

Qi is in a perpetual transformation between its condensed and diluted state. These two different states of qi, on the other hand, are embodiments of the abstract entities of yin and yang, two complementary extremes that constantly play against and with each other and cannot exist without the other. Human beings are seen as a of the universe, and for example comprise the Wu Xing in form of the organs. As a consequence, it is believed that deeper understanding of the universe can be achieved by understanding oneself.